Genetics and Plant Breeding Seed Science and Thechnology

Question No. 1 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the primary function of a seed?

A. To attract pollinators
B. To disperse the plant's genetic material
C. To provide nutrients to the growing plant
D. To protect the plant from diseases

Question No. 2 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which part of the seed develops into the plant's root system?

A. Plumule
B. Radicle
C. Cotyledon
D. Endosperm

Question No. 3 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the role of the cotyledon in a seed?

A. To protect the embryo
B. To provide nourishment to the developing embryo
C. To initiate photosynthesis
D. To facilitate seed dispersal

Question No. 4 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the plumule of a seed destined to become?

A. The root
B. The shoot
C. The leaves
D. The flower

Question No. 5 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the seed coat primarily composed of?

A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Lipids
D. Cellulose

Question No. 6 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which of these is NOT a basic component of a seed?

A. Embryo
B. Endosperm
C. Seed coat
D. Flower

Question No. 7 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the purpose of the endosperm in some seeds?

A. To protect the seed
B. To aid in seed dispersal
C. To provide nutrients to the germinating seedling
D. To attract animals for seed dispersal

Question No. 8 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the difference between a seed and a grain?

A. A seed contains an embryo; a grain does not.
B. A grain is a type of seed.
C. A seed is a mature ovule; a grain is a mature ovary.
D. There is no difference; the terms are interchangeable.

Question No. 9 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which of the following describes seed dormancy?

A. The seed's inability to germinate even under favorable conditions.
B. The seed's active growth and development.
C. The seed's shedding from the parent plant.
D. The seed's attraction to pollinators.

Question No. 10 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What factors can break seed dormancy?

A. Light, temperature, and moisture
B. Scarification, stratification, and hormone treatments
C. After-ripening
D. All of the above

Question No. 11 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is scarification in the context of seed germination?

A. Exposing seeds to light
B. Subjecting seeds to cold temperatures
C. Physically or chemically altering the seed coat to allow water and oxygen penetration
D. Soaking seeds in water

Question No. 12 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is stratification in seed germination?

A. Storing seeds at low temperatures to break dormancy
B. Soaking seeds in a hormone solution
C. Exposing seeds to fluctuating temperatures
D. Drying seeds thoroughly

Question No. 13 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the importance of seed certification?

A. It guarantees the genetic purity and quality of seeds.
B. It ensures the seeds are free from diseases.
C. It helps farmers choose the right variety of seeds.
D. All of the above.

Question No. 14 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What does 'genetic purity' in seeds refer to?

A. The percentage of seeds that are viable.
B. The percentage of seeds that are free from physical impurities.
C. The percentage of seeds that are true to type and free from off-types.
D. The percentage of seeds that germinate.

Question No. 15 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What are 'off-types' in seeds?

A. Seeds that are damaged or diseased.
B. Seeds that belong to a different variety than the one intended.
C. Seeds that have failed to germinate.
D. Seeds that are physically impure.

Question No. 16 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which agency is responsible for seed certification in India?

A. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
B. National Seeds Corporation (NSC)
C. State Seed Certification Agencies (SSCAs)
D. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Question No. 17 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the purpose of seed testing?

A. To determine the seed's viability and germination rate.
B. To assess the seed's physical purity.
C. To check for seed-borne diseases.
D. All of the above.

Question No. 18 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the 'germination percentage' of a seed lot?

A. The percentage of seeds that are free from diseases.
B. The percentage of seeds that are true to type.
C. The percentage of seeds that are capable of germinating under favorable conditions.
D. The percentage of seeds that are physically pure.

Question No. 19 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What does 'seed vigor' refer to?

A. The seed's ability to germinate quickly and uniformly and produce a robust seedling.
B. The seed's genetic purity.
C. The seed's physical purity.
D. The seed's longevity.

Question No. 20 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which factors affect seed germination?

A. Temperature, moisture, oxygen, and light
B. Seed maturity, seed health, and seed dormancy
C. All of the above
D. None of the above

Question No. 21 Marks +1 -0 Time

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How does temperature affect seed germination?

A. Low temperatures always promote germination.
B. High temperatures are always detrimental to germination.
C. Optimal temperature ranges exist for each species.
D. Temperature has no effect on germination.

Question No. 22 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the role of oxygen in seed germination?

A. It is not required for germination.
B. It is essential for the metabolic processes involved in germination.
C. It is only needed for seedling growth after germination.
D. It helps break seed dormancy.

Question No. 23 Marks +1 -0 Time

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How does light affect seed germination?

A. Light is essential for all seeds to germinate.
B. Light inhibits the germination of all seeds.
C. Some seeds require light for germination, while others germinate better in darkness.
D. Light has no effect on germination.

Question No. 24 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What are some common seed storage methods?

A. Storing seeds in airtight containers at low temperatures and low humidity.
B. Storing seeds in open containers at room temperature.
C. Storing seeds in direct sunlight.
D. Storing seeds in a damp environment.

Question No. 25 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Why is it important to control humidity during seed storage?

A. High humidity promotes seed deterioration.
B. Low humidity is harmful to seeds.
C. Humidity has no effect on seed viability.
D. Humidity only affects seed appearance, not viability.

Question No. 26 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the purpose of seed priming?

A. To improve seed germination uniformity and speed.
B. To increase seed size.
C. To protect seeds from pests.
D. To break seed dormancy.

Question No. 27 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What are some benefits of seed priming?

A. Faster and more uniform germination
B. Improved seedling vigor
C. Enhanced stress tolerance
D. All of the above

Question No. 28 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the primary purpose of seed crop isolation?

A. To enhance seed color
B. To prevent cross-pollination
C. To promote seed dispersal
D. To increase seed size

Question No. 29 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the minimum isolation distance for foundation seed of pearl millet hybrid?

A. 100 m
B. 500 m
C. 1000 m
D. 200 m

Question No. 30 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the minimum isolation distance for certified seed of maize?

A. 50 m
B. 200 m
C. 100 m
D. 400 m

Question No. 31 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the minimum isolation distance for foundation seed of cotton hybrid?

A. 25 m
B. 100 m
C. 30 m
D. 50 m

Question No. 32 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the minimum isolation distance for groundnut?

A. 1 m
B. 10 m
C. 5 m
D. 3 m

Question No. 33 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the minimum isolation distance for certified seed of rapeseed and mustard?

A. 50 m
B. 100 m
C. 200 m
D. 400 m

Question No. 34 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the isolation distance for cucurbits?

A. 200 m
B. 1000 m
C. 500 m
D. Variable (800/1000 m for foundation, 400/500 m for certified)

Question No. 35 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the minimum isolation distance for okra?

A. 50 m
B. 100 m
C. 400 m
D. 200 m

Question No. 36 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the minimum isolation distance for certified seed of tomato?

A. 200 m
B. 100 m
C. 50 m
D. 25 m

Question No. 37 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the minimum isolation distance for onion?

A. 100 m
B. 200 m
C. 500 m
D. 1000 m

Question No. 38 Marks +1 -0 Time

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How is the Real Value of seed calculated?

A. Purity % / Germination %
B. Purity % - Germination %
C. (Purity % + Germination %) / 2
D. Purity % x Germination % / 100

Question No. 39 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is another term for impurity percentage in seeds?

A. Viability
B. Vigor
C. Germination
D. Dockage

Question No. 40 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the permissible limit of impurity by seeds of other crop species in foundation seed?

A. 0%
B. 1%
C. 0.5%
D. 0.1%

Question No. 41 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the permissible limit of impurity by seeds of other crop species in other seeds (not foundation)?

A. 0%
B. 1%
C. 0.1%
D. 0-0.5%

Question No. 42 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is seed index?

A. Purity percentage
B. Germination percentage
C. Weight of 1000 seeds
D. Weight of 100 seeds

Question No. 43 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is test weight?

A. Purity percentage
B. Germination percentage
C. Weight of 100 seeds
D. Weight of 1000 seeds

Question No. 44 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What does seed quality index indicate?

A. Seed weight
B. Seed color
C. Seed size
D. Seed germination vigor

Question No. 45 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the germination percentage in maize?

A. 70%
B. 80%
C. 65%
D. 90%

Question No. 46 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the germination percentage in cotton?

A. 70%
B. 80%
C. 90%
D. 65%

Question No. 47 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is seed dormancy?

A. Seed death
B. Seed germination after a certain period
C. Ability of seed to germinate under any condition
D. Inability of viable seed to germinate under optimal conditions

Question No. 48 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is scarification?

A. Application of growth hormones
B. Storage of seeds at low temperature
C. Temperature treatment of seeds
D. Process of breaking/softening the seed coat

Question No. 49 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which chemical is a strong dormancy breaker?

A. IAA
B. GA3
C. Thiourea
D. KNO3 (1-3%)

Question No. 50 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which chemical is mainly used in case of potato to break dormancy?

A. IAA
B. GA3
C. KNO3
D. Thiourea

Question No. 51 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is stratification?

A. Application of growth retardants
B. Storage of seeds at high temperature
C. Process of breaking/softening the seed coat
D. Temperature treatment of seeds (chilling temperature)

Question No. 52 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the temperature range for chilling treatment in stratification?

A. 5-10 °C
B. 0-5 °C
C. 10-15 °C
D. 2-8 °C

Question No. 53 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Who developed the seed plot technique of potato?

A. G. Mendel
B. N. Borlaug
C. M.S. Swaminathan
D. Pushkarnath et. Al.

Question No. 54 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the seed plot technique of potato used for?

A. Improving potato quality
B. Increasing potato yield
C. Production of hybrid potato seeds
D. Multiplication of disease-free (Virus-free) seed

Question No. 55 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Where is nucleus seed of potato produced according to the seed plot technique?

A. Laboratory
B. Greenhouse
C. Plains (October to March)
D. Hills (April to August)

Question No. 56 Marks +1 -0 Time

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When is the potato seed crop planted in the plains according to the seed plot technique?

A. January
B. July
C. April
D. October

Question No. 57 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the primary vector for virus transmission in potatoes?

A. Mites
B. Thrips
C. Whiteflies
D. Aphids

Question No. 58 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the purpose of storing potato nucleus seed in cold storage?

A. To break dormancy
B. To control diseases
C. To prevent sprouting
D. To maintain viability

Question No. 59 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the approximate duration for chilling treatment in potato seed stratification?

A. 2-3 weeks
B. 7-10 days
C. 48-72 hours
D. 12-24 hours

Question No. 60 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which seed characteristic is considered the most important?

A. Seed weight
B. Seed color
C. Seed size
D. Germination percentage

Question No. 61 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What does the term 'utility percentage' refer to in seed quality?

A. Seed vigor
B. Germination percentage
C. Purity percentage
D. Real Value

Question No. 62 Marks +1 -0 Time

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If a seed lot has 90% purity and 80% germination, what is its Real Value?

A. 80%
B. 90%
C. 85%
D. 72%

Question No. 63 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which factor is NOT a component of seed quality?

A. Seed vigor
B. Purity percentage
C. Germination percentage
D. Seed size

Question No. 64 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the significance of seed index and test weight?

A. They predict germination percentage
B. They measure seed vigor
C. They determine seed viability
D. They indicate seed size and weight

Question No. 65 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Why is genetic purity important in seed production?

A. It improves seed appearance
B. It enhances seed vigor
C. It increases seed yield
D. It ensures true-to-type progeny

Question No. 66 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which seed requires the highest isolation distance?

A. Soybean
B. Wheat
C. Groundnut
D. Onion

Question No. 67 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the characteristic of orthodox seeds?

A. They lose viability rapidly at low temperatures.
B. They maintain viability for extended periods at low temperatures and low moisture.
C. They require high moisture content for viability.
D. They are only viable for a short time.

Question No. 68 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which of the following is an example of recalcitrant seeds?

A. Wheat
B. Rice
C. Mango
D. Soybean

Question No. 69 Marks +1 -0 Time

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When was the Seed Act enacted by the Indian Parliament?

A. 1955
B. 1966
C. 1968
D. 1969

Question No. 70 Marks +1 -0 Time

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In which year did the Seed Act come into force throughout India?

A. 1966
B. 1968
C. 1969
D. 1955

Question No. 71 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Under which act was seed declared as an essential commodity?

A. Seed Act 1966
B. Essential Commodities Act 1955
C. Agriculture Production Act 1937
D. Indian Penal Code

Question No. 72 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the primary objective of the National Seed Corporation (NSC)?

A. Production and supply of certified seed
B. Promoting the development of a seed industry and supplying foundation seeds.
C. Enforcing seed quality standards
D. Distributing seeds to farmers

Question No. 73 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the role of State Seed Corporations (SSCs)?

A. Producing and supplying foundation seeds
B. Researching new seed varieties
C. Producing and supplying certified seed.
D. Importing seeds from other countries

Question No. 74 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What does the Agmark signify?

A. Seed certification
B. Quality/purity of agricultural and animal products.
C. Organic certification
D. Pesticide residue levels

Question No. 75 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Where is the central laboratory of Agmark located?

A. New Delhi
B. Mumbai
C. Nagpur
D. Chennai

Question No. 76 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which of these seeds exhibits drastic loss of viability below 12-14% moisture content?

A. Orthodox seeds
B. Recalcitrant seeds
C. Hybrid seeds
D. Genetically modified seeds

Question No. 77 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the approximate moisture content below which recalcitrant seeds lose viability?

A. 5-7%
B. 12-14%
C. 20-22%
D. 25-30%

Question No. 78 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which seed type can be stored for long periods at low temperatures without significant loss of viability?

A. Recalcitrant
B. Orthodox
C. Hybrid
D. Genetically modified

Question No. 79 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the primary function of foundation seeds?

A. To produce certified seeds
B. To be sold directly to farmers
C. To conduct research on new varieties
D. To maintain the genetic purity of a variety

Question No. 80 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Who is responsible for the production and supply of certified seeds?

A. National Seed Corporation (NSC)
B. State Seed Corporations (SSCs)
C. Private seed companies
D. Agricultural universities

Question No. 81 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the main objective of the Seed Act of 1966?

A. To regulate the import and export of seeds
B. To ensure the quality and distribution of seeds
C. To promote the development of new seed varieties
D. To provide subsidies to seed producers

Question No. 82 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which organization was registered in 1963 with the objective of promoting seed industry development in India?

A. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
B. National Seed Corporation (NSC)
C. State Seed Corporation (SSC)
D. Ministry of Agriculture

Question No. 83 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the significance of declaring seed as an essential commodity?

A. It allows the government to control its price and distribution.
B. It makes seed production more profitable.
C. It encourages private investment in the seed industry.
D. It simplifies the process of seed certification.

Question No. 84 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What does Agmark certify in the context of agricultural products?

A. Pesticide residue levels
B. Nutritional value
C. Quality and purity
D. Organic certification

Question No. 85 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Where is the Agmark laboratory located?

A. New Delhi
B. Mumbai
C. Nagpur
D. Chennai

Question No. 86 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which of the following is NOT a function of the NSC?

A. Producing foundation seeds
B. Distributing certified seeds
C. Promoting seed industry development
D. Supplying seeds of various crops

Question No. 87 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which seed type is most likely to be affected by desiccation?

A. Orthodox
B. Recalcitrant
C. Hybrid
D. Genetically modified

Question No. 88 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the role of seed certification?

A. To guarantee seed germination
B. To ensure seed quality and genetic purity
C. To determine the market price of seeds
D. To promote the sale of seeds

Question No. 89 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which agency is involved in the production and supply of foundation seeds?

A. NSC
B. SSC
C. Private seed companies
D. Agricultural universities

Question No. 90 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the full form of NSC?

A. National Seed Corporation
B. National Seed Committee
C. National Seed Council
D. National Seed Center

Question No. 91 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the full form of SSC?

A. State Seed Corporation
B. State Seed Committee
C. State Seed Council
D. State Seed Center

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