Introduction to Basic Food Science
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Question No. 1
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Food science is defined as the study that incorporates concepts from multiple scientific disciplines. Which of the following is
NOT
a primary discipline incorporated in food science?
A.
Geology
B.
Microbiology
C.
Chemistry
D.
Physics
Question No. 2
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According to the Institute of Food Technologists, food science is defined as the discipline that uses which sciences to study food?
A.
Engineering, biological, and physical sciences
B.
Chemical and mathematical sciences only
C.
Biological sciences exclusively
D.
Social and environmental sciences
Question No. 3
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Water activity (aW) is a critical parameter in food preservation. Foods with water activity below which value are generally safe from most bacterial growth?
A.
0.75
B.
0.91
C.
0.95
D.
0.85
Question No. 4
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Which type of microorganisms can tolerate the lowest water activity levels and continue to cause food spoilage?
A.
Xerophilic molds
B.
Bacteria
C.
Viruses
D.
Yeasts
Question No. 5
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Foods with pH below 4.6 are generally considered safe from which type of microorganisms?
A.
Viruses only
B.
Bacterial pathogens
C.
All microorganisms
D.
Yeasts and molds
Question No. 6
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The pH level that most bacteria prefer for optimal growth ranges from:
A.
3.0 to 4.0
B.
8.0 to 10.0
C.
4.0 to 5.0
D.
6.0 to 8.0
Question No. 7
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The Maillard reaction is responsible for browning in foods and occurs between which two types of compounds?
A.
Carbohydrates and lipids
B.
Proteins and fats
C.
Amino acids and reducing sugars
D.
Vitamins and minerals
Question No. 8
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The optimal temperature range for Maillard reaction in food processing is approximately:
A.
80-100°C
B.
100-120°C
C.
140-165°C
D.
180-200°C
Question No. 9
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Which food preservation method works by removing oxygen to prevent the growth of aerobic microorganisms?
A.
Fermentation
B.
Vacuum packaging
C.
Smoking
D.
Salting
Question No. 10
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Pasteurization is a heat treatment that operates at temperatures:
A.
Above 150°C
B.
Above 100°C
C.
Below 100°C
D.
At exactly 100°C
Question No. 11
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Antioxidants in food additives primarily function to:
A.
Enhance flavor
B.
Improve texture
C.
Prevent oxidation and rancidity
D.
Add color
Question No. 12
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Which type of food additive is used to prevent powders such as milk powder from caking or sticking together?
A.
Stabilizers
B.
Emulsifiers
C.
Anticaking agents
D.
Thickeners
Question No. 13
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According to the IUB classification system, how many main classes of enzymes are there?
A.
Five
B.
Four
C.
Eight
D.
Six
Question No. 14
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Hydrolases are considered the most important enzyme class in food industry. Which of the following is
NOT
a hydrolase enzyme commonly used in food processing?
A.
Lipase
B.
Protease
C.
Transglutaminase
D.
Amylase
Question No. 15
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Which microorganism is known for its ability to grow at very low pH values (below 4.0) and cause 'flat sour spoilage' in canned foods?
A.
Clostridium botulinum
B.
Bacillus coagulans
C.
Escherichia coli
D.
Staphylococcus aureus
Question No. 16
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Food microbiology involves the study of microorganisms that:
A.
Are found only in dairy products
B.
Only benefit food production
C.
Only cause food spoilage
D.
Inhabit, create, or contaminate food
Question No. 17
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Which component typically makes up the largest percentage by weight in most fresh foods?
A.
Water
B.
Proteins
C.
Fats
D.
Carbohydrates
Question No. 18
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Carbohydrates in food have the general empirical formula:
A.
CnH2n+2On
B.
C2nH2nOn
C.
CnH2nOn
D.
CnHnOn
Question No. 19
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Which preservation method involves subjecting food to high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) to inactivate microorganisms?
A.
Smoking
B.
Pascalization
C.
Irradiation
D.
Osmotic dehydration
Question No. 20
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In freeze-drying, which type of water is primarily removed during the primary drying stage?
A.
Metabolic water
B.
Crystalline water
C.
Bound water
D.
Free water
Question No. 21
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Water activity is considered an important parameter in HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) because it helps in:
A.
Determining cooking temperature
B.
Measuring nutritional value
C.
Predicting microbial growth potential
D.
Assessing color changes
Question No. 22
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Which preservation method combines the removal of air with the introduction of specific gas mixtures like CO2 and N2?
A.
Vacuum packaging
B.
Active packaging
C.
Modified atmosphere packaging
D.
Controlled atmosphere storage
Question No. 23
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Fermentation as a food preservation method primarily works by:
A.
Increasing food temperature
B.
Removing all water from food
C.
Adding chemical preservatives
D.
Converting sugars to preservative compounds
Question No. 24
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Food quality is determined by multiple criteria. Which of the following is
NOT
typically considered a primary quality criterion?
A.
Food safety
B.
Palatability
C.
Nutritional value
D.
Packaging design
Question No. 25
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Lipid oxidation (rancidity) in foods proceeds fastest at which water activity range?
A.
Very low (below 0.2)
B.
At exactly 1.0
C.
Intermediate (0.6-0.8)
D.
High (above 0.9)
Question No. 26
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Which of the following is considered the most dangerous foodborne pathogen that cannot grow at water activity of 0.93 and below?
A.
Escherichia coli
B.
Staphylococcus aureus
C.
Clostridium botulinum
D.
Salmonella species
Question No. 27
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Which food processing method uses controlled doses of ionizing radiation to kill bacteria, parasites, and insects?
A.
UV treatment
B.
Irradiation
C.
Pasteurization
D.
Sterilization
Question No. 28
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Enzymatic browning in cut fruits is primarily caused by which enzyme acting on phenolic compounds?
A.
Amylase
B.
Lipase
C.
Polyphenoloxidase
D.
Protease
Question No. 29
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Emulsifiers in food processing are primarily used to:
A.
Add sweetness
B.
Prevent microbial growth
C.
Improve color retention
D.
Allow water and oils to mix
Question No. 30
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Which temperature range is typically used for chilling food to slow microbial growth without freezing?
A.
Above 60°C
B.
10-15°C
C.
Below -18°C
D.
0-5°C
Question No. 31
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The study of sensory science in food technology primarily focuses on:
A.
Microbial identification
B.
Chemical composition analysis
C.
Consumer evaluation of flavors and textures
D.
Packaging design
Question No. 32
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Which food preservation method involves covering food with smoke to add antimicrobial properties and flavor?
A.
Pickling
B.
Salting
C.
Canning
D.
Smoking
Question No. 33
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The critical pH value that separates low-acid foods from high-acid foods in food safety classification is:
A.
6.0
B.
3.5
C.
4.6
D.
5.0
Question No. 34
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Which enzyme is commonly used as an indicator to determine the quality of milk in the dairy industry?
A.
Protease
B.
Catalase
C.
Amylase
D.
Lipase
Question No. 35
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Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) commonly uses which two gases to preserve food?
A.
Argon and Helium
B.
Carbon dioxide and Nitrogen
C.
Oxygen and Hydrogen
D.
Methane and Ethylene
Question No. 36
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Which type of food spoilage occurs due to the activity of enzymes naturally present in food?
A.
Enzymatic spoilage
B.
Physical spoilage
C.
Chemical spoilage
D.
Microbial spoilage
Question No. 37
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The water activity level below which no microbial growth occurs is:
A.
0.70
B.
0.60
C.
0.50
D.
0.85
Question No. 38
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Which preservation method works by drawing moisture from food using high concentrations of sugar?
A.
Sugaring
B.
Salting
C.
Fermentation
D.
Drying
Question No. 39
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Staphylococcus aureus can grow at unusually low water activity for a bacterium. Its minimum water activity for growth is approximately:
A.
0.95
B.
0.86
C.
0.80
D.
0.91
Question No. 40
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Which food component is described as having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, making them amphiphilic molecules?
A.
Vitamins
B.
Proteins
C.
Lipids
D.
Carbohydrates
Question No. 41
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The minimum temperature at which the Maillard reaction begins to proceed at a noticeable rate is approximately:
A.
200°C
B.
140°C
C.
100°C
D.
60°C
Question No. 42
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Which microorganism is primarily responsible for lactic acid production in fermented dairy products?
A.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
B.
Aspergillus niger
C.
Escherichia coli
D.
Lactobacillus species
Question No. 43
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High Pressure Processing (HPP) in food preservation typically uses pressures in the range of:
A.
400-600 MPa
B.
100-200 MPa
C.
50-100 MPa
D.
800-1000 MPa
Question No. 44
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Which vitamin functions as a reducing agent and is commonly used as a natural antioxidant in food preservation?
A.
Vitamin D
B.
Vitamin K
C.
Vitamin C
D.
Vitamin A
Question No. 45
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The process of caramelization differs from Maillard reaction in that caramelization involves:
A.
Lipids and fatty acids
B.
Amino acids and proteins
C.
Only sugars without amino compounds
D.
Minerals and water
Question No. 46
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Which method of food preservation combines vacuum packaging with the subsequent injection of preservative gases?
A.
Smart packaging
B.
Modified atmosphere packaging
C.
Active packaging
D.
Controlled atmosphere storage
Question No. 47
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The term 'flat sour spoilage' in canned foods is characterized by:
A.
Gas production and can swelling
B.
Color changes without taste alteration
C.
Protein decomposition only
D.
Acidification without gas production
Question No. 48
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Water activity measurement is preferred over water content measurement in food preservation because:
A.
It's easier to measure
B.
It requires less equipment
C.
It better predicts microbial growth potential
D.
It's more accurate
Question No. 49
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Which enzyme class is responsible for breaking down starch into simpler sugars in food processing?
A.
Cellulases
B.
Amylases
C.
Lipases
D.
Proteases
Question No. 50
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The primary mechanism by which salt preserves food is through:
A.
Chemical reaction with proteins
B.
Osmotic dehydration
C.
Killing microorganisms directly
D.
pH reduction
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