Food Poisoning and Food Born Disease, Food Toxins. Rapid methods in detection of micro-organisms
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Question No. 1
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According to WHO, how many people fall ill each year after eating contaminated food worldwide?
A.
Nearly one in 5 people globally
B.
Nearly one in 20 people globally
C.
Nearly one in 10 people globally
D.
Nearly one in 15 people globally
Question No. 2
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Which virus is the main non-bacterial cause of foodborne gastroenteritis globally?
A.
Norovirus
B.
Rotavirus
C.
Hepatitis A virus
D.
Astrovirus
Question No. 3
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Which food item is the most common cause of death from food poisoning?
A.
Seafood
B.
Leafy green vegetables
C.
Dairy products
D.
Poultry
Question No. 4
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Bacillus cereus
is known to cause which two types of foodborne disease syndromes?
A.
Hemorrhagic syndrome and necrotic syndrome
B.
Diarrheal syndrome and emetic syndrome
C.
Paralytic syndrome and spastic syndrome
D.
Respiratory syndrome and cardiac syndrome
Question No. 5
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Which bacterium causes one of the most common types of foodborne gastroenteritis in the United States, often referred to as perfringens food poisoning?
A.
Campylobacter jejuni
B.
Staphylococcus aureus
C.
Escherichia coli
D.
Clostridium perfringens
Question No. 6
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What percentage of food poisoning cases are caused by leafy green vegetables?
A.
10%
B.
19%
C.
22%
D.
14%
Question No. 7
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What is the typical onset period for traveler's diarrhea after arrival at a destination?
A.
Immediately upon arrival
B.
Within 24 hours of arrival
C.
3 days to 2 weeks after arrival
D.
3 to 6 weeks after arrival
Question No. 8
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Which pathogen is the most common isolate in cases of traveler's diarrhea?
A.
Shigella species
B.
Enterotoxigenic
E. coli
C.
Campylobacter jejuni
D.
Vibrio cholerae
Question No. 9
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How many diseases are caused by eating food contaminated with bacteria, viruses, parasites, or chemical substances?
A.
Nearly 500 diseases
B.
Approximately 50 diseases
C.
Around 100 diseases
D.
Over 200 diseases
Question No. 10
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Besides gastrointestinal issues, foodborne diseases can also produce which types of symptoms?
A.
Cardiovascular symptoms only
B.
Neurological, gynaecological and immunological symptoms
C.
Only gastrointestinal symptoms
D.
Only skin-related symptoms
Question No. 11
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How many children under 5 years of age die annually from foodborne diseases globally?
A.
125,000 deaths
B.
200,000 deaths
C.
50,000 deaths
D.
75,000 deaths
Question No. 12
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What is the rare severe form of
Clostridium perfringens
infection called necrotizing enteritis also known as?
A.
Fish poisoning
B.
Pig-bel disease, associated with contaminated pork
C.
Mad cow disease
D.
Mushroom poisoning
Question No. 13
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What are the serious consequences of foodborne diseases beyond diarrhea?
A.
Only skin rashes
B.
Kidney and liver failure, brain and neural disorders, reactive arthritis
C.
Only temporary nausea
D.
Only mild stomach upset
Question No. 14
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According to CDC data from 2005-2010, what was the most common source of imported foodborne disease outbreaks?
A.
Leafy greens
B.
Dairy products
C.
Poultry
D.
Fish (17 outbreaks)
Question No. 15
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Which region was the source of approximately 45% of imported foods causing outbreaks according to CDC?
A.
Asia (approximately 45%)
B.
Europe
C.
South America
D.
Africa
Question No. 16
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In a case report of
Bacillus cereus
food poisoning, how quickly did symptoms appear after eating contaminated food?
A.
5-7 days after consumption
B.
12-24 hours after consumption
C.
Less than 30 minutes after eating rice salad
D.
48-72 hours after consumption
Question No. 17
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In Brazil, where basic sanitation is precarious in certain areas, which bacteria are more prevalent in causing foodborne diseases?
A.
Listeria and Campylobacter
B.
Salmonella and Escherichia coli
C.
Clostridium and Bacillus
D.
Vibrio and Shigella
Question No. 18
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Which toxin is responsible for causing botulism, a rare and sometimes fatal foodborne illness that can lead to paralysis?
A.
Cholera toxin
B.
Clostridial toxin
C.
Botulinum neurotoxin
D.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
Question No. 19
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Botulism primarily results from consuming which type of contaminated food?
A.
Pasteurized dairy products
B.
Fresh fruits only
C.
Home-canned fruits, vegetables, dairy, and seafood products
D.
Cooked meats from restaurants
Question No. 20
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What was the average incubation period for patients in a foodborne botulism outbreak in Saudi Arabia?
A.
1 week
B.
2-4 days
C.
36.25 ± 26.26 hours
D.
6-12 hours
Question No. 21
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What are the main factors causing foodborne illnesses from dairy products?
A.
Norovirus contamination from food handlers and improper pasteurization
B.
Only chemical contamination
C.
Only bacterial contamination
D.
Only parasitic contamination
Question No. 22
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What is the detection limit of sandwich ELISA for pathogenic
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
in seafood using monoclonal antibodies?
A.
10³ cells of pathogenic
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
B.
10⁸ cells
C.
10⁶ cells
D.
100 cells
Question No. 23
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What are the rare and sometimes fatal complications of
Bacillus cereus
food poisoning?
A.
Only fever
B.
Liver failure, pulmonary hemorrhage, and cerebral edema
C.
Only skin rashes
D.
Only mild diarrhea
Question No. 24
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How long does traveler's diarrhea typically remain self-limiting?
A.
Within 1 month
B.
Within 24 hours
C.
Within 5 days
D.
Within 2-3 weeks
Question No. 25
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What are mycotoxins?
A.
Toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi
B.
Animal-derived toxins
C.
Primary metabolites of bacteria
D.
Plant-based alkaloids
Question No. 26
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Which fungal genera are most commonly responsible for mycotoxin production in food commodities?
A.
Salmonella
and
E. coli
B.
Aspergillus
,
Penicillium
, and
Fusarium
C.
Only
Aspergillus
species
D.
Only
Candida
species
Question No. 27
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What are the most prevalent mycotoxins found in food commodities?
A.
Only bacterial endotoxins
B.
Only penicillin derivatives
C.
Aflatoxins and ochratoxins by
Aspergillus
, fumonisins by
Fusarium
D.
Only aflatoxins
Question No. 28
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What types of toxic effects can mycotoxins induce in humans?
A.
Carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, immunotoxic, hepatotoxic
B.
Only digestive upset
C.
Only mild allergic reactions
D.
No significant health effects
Question No. 29
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At which stages can mycotoxin contamination occur in agricultural commodities?
A.
Only during transportation
B.
Both pre-harvest and post-harvest stages
C.
Only during cooking
D.
Only during harvesting
Question No. 30
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What health condition results when mycotoxins are ingested through food?
A.
Only skin irritation
B.
No health effects
C.
Acute or chronic disease episodes (mycotoxicosis)
D.
Only temporary symptoms
Question No. 31
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According to surveillance data from Zhejiang Province, China (2011-2023), which chemical caused the largest percentage of foodborne disease outbreaks?
A.
Nitrite (56.76%)
B.
Mercury contamination
C.
Lead poisoning
D.
Arsenic poisoning
Question No. 32
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What percentage of cases in chemical foodborne disease outbreaks require hospitalization?
A.
60%
B.
45.34%
C.
10%
D.
20%
Question No. 33
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What is the primary cause of nitrite-related foodborne outbreaks?
A.
Water pollution
B.
Pesticide residues
C.
Using nitrite as a common seasoning while cooking (59.52%)
D.
Industrial contamination
Question No. 34
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Where do most nitrite misuse incidents occur during cooking?
A.
Schools
B.
Large restaurants
C.
Households (68%)
D.
Industrial facilities
Question No. 35
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In China's 2024 mushroom poisoning investigation, how many poisonous mushroom species were identified?
A.
200 species causing 10 disease types
B.
50 species causing 3 disease types
C.
110 poisonous mushroom species causing 7 clinical disease types
D.
25 species causing 2 disease types
Question No. 36
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What was the case fatality rate for mushroom poisoning incidents in China during 2024?
A.
5%
B.
0.1%
C.
10%
D.
0.87%
Question No. 37
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What are the main approaches for decontaminating mycotoxins in food commodities?
A.
Physical, chemical, and biological methods
B.
Only heat treatment
C.
Only chemical preservatives
D.
Only refrigeration
Question No. 38
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Which type of mycotoxin-induced disease episode has a greater impact on human health?
A.
Acute poisoning only
B.
No significant impact
C.
Chronic conditions affecting human health numerically
D.
Mild allergic reactions
Question No. 39
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Which toxin is associated with pathogenic
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
detected in seafood?
A.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
B.
Cholera toxin
C.
Botulinum toxin
D.
TDH-related hemolysin (TRH)
Question No. 40
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Which staphylococcal enterotoxins are commonly detected using ELISA in food?
A.
Cholera toxin
B.
Only toxin A
C.
Botulinum toxins only
D.
Staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, and E
Question No. 41
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What are the three main categories of rapid detection methods for foodborne pathogens?
A.
Only visual inspection
B.
Only microscopy
C.
Only culture methods
D.
Nucleic acid-based, biosensor-based, and immunological-based methods
Question No. 42
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Which techniques are classified as nucleic acid-based methods for pathogen detection?
A.
PCR, multiplex PCR, real-time PCR, NASBA, LAMP, and DNA microarray
B.
Only culture methods
C.
Only antibody-based tests
D.
Only simple PCR
Question No. 43
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Which methods are classified as immunological-based detection methods?
A.
PCR and real-time PCR
B.
ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay
C.
Culture and microscopy
D.
LAMP and NASBA
Question No. 44
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What types of biosensors are used for rapid detection of foodborne pathogens?
A.
Only optical sensors
B.
Only temperature sensors
C.
Only pH sensors
D.
Optical, electrochemical, and mass-based biosensors
Question No. 45
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What is the average limit of detection (LOD) for PCR-based bacterial detection methods?
A.
12 CFU/mL
B.
6 CFU/mL
C.
24 CFU/mL
D.
50 CFU/mL
Question No. 46
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What is the average limit of detection for lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA)?
A.
50 CFU/mL
B.
6 CFU/mL
C.
12 CFU/mL
D.
24 CFU/mL
Question No. 47
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What is the average limit of detection for electrochemical methods in bacterial detection?
A.
12 CFU/mL
B.
30 CFU/mL
C.
24 CFU/mL
D.
6 CFU/mL
Question No. 48
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How many antibodies are involved in sandwich ELISA, the most effective form of ELISA?
A.
Two antibodies - primary immobilized antibody and enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody
B.
No antibodies
C.
Only one antibody
D.
Three antibodies
Question No. 49
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Which enzymes are most commonly used in ELISA for detection?
A.
DNA polymerase
B.
Only HRP
C.
Only alkaline phosphatase
D.
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase, and beta-galactosidase
Question No. 50
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What are the general advantages of rapid detection methods for foodborne pathogens?
A.
Only sensitive
B.
Only time-efficient
C.
Time-efficient, sensitive, specific, and labor-saving
D.
Slow but accurate
Question No. 51
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Why were rapid detection methods developed as alternatives to conventional methods?
A.
They require no special equipment
B.
They are not accurate
C.
They are too expensive
D.
Conventional methods are time-consuming and laborious
Question No. 52
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Which bacteria species and food sample types typically show lower LODs in detection methods?
A.
Only Campylobacter
B.
Salmonella and
E. coli
in fish and eggs
C.
Only Listeria
D.
All bacteria equally
Question No. 53
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What does LAMP stand for in rapid detection methods?
A.
Lateral flow immunoassay
B.
Laboratory analytical measurement protocol
C.
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
D.
Liquid-phase microextraction
Question No. 54
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What does NASBA stand for in pathogen detection?
A.
Nitrogen-assisted sample bioprocessing analysis
B.
Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
C.
Novel antibody-specific binding assay
D.
Non-amplified sample biosensor analysis
Question No. 55
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Which nanoparticles are most studied in LFIA for bacterial detection, and what are their average LODs?
A.
Gold (26 CFU/mL) and iron (12 CFU/mL) nanoparticles
B.
Platinum nanoparticles
C.
Only gold nanoparticles
D.
Only silver nanoparticles
Question No. 56
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Why is it important to detect foodborne pathogens in various foods?
A.
Only for export requirements
B.
To provide safe food supply and prevent foodborne diseases
C.
For taste improvement
D.
Only for research purposes
Question No. 57
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What is the detection limit of the BIOLINE
Salmonella
ELISA Test kit?
A.
1000 CFU/g
B.
100 CFU/g
C.
10 CFU/g
D.
1 CFU/25 g sample in at least four of 20 food matrices tested
Question No. 58
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Which bacterial toxins are commonly detected using ELISA in food samples?
A.
Clostridium perfringens
toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins, botulinum toxins,
E. coli
enterotoxins
B.
Only viral particles
C.
Only bacterial cells
D.
Only staphylococcal toxins
Question No. 59
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What is the primary advantage of multiplex PCR over simple PCR?
A.
Culturing multiple organisms separately
B.
Visual inspection of colonies
C.
Detection of multiple pathogens simultaneously in a single reaction
D.
Detection of only one pathogen
Question No. 60
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What is the main advantage of real-time PCR (qPCR) in pathogen detection?
A.
Only end-point detection
B.
Lower sensitivity
C.
Slower detection
D.
Real-time monitoring of amplification and quantification of target DNA
Question No. 61
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What is the key feature of LAMP (Loop-mediated isothermal amplification) technology?
A.
Requires thermal cycling
B.
Amplification of nucleic acids at constant temperature without thermal cycling
C.
Needs complex equipment
D.
Slower than regular PCR
Question No. 62
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What is the primary application of oligonucleotide DNA microarray in food microbiology?
A.
Detection of single organism only
B.
Only for bacterial culture
C.
Detection and identification of multiple organisms simultaneously
D.
Only for visual inspection
Question No. 63
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What are the advantages of lateral flow immunoassay in field testing?
A.
Direct detection of bacteria, rapid turnaround time, cost-effective
B.
Low sensitivity
C.
Requires extensive sample preparation
D.
Slow processing
Question No. 64
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What factors significantly contribute to analytical performance and LOD in bacterial detection?
A.
Only pH affects detection
B.
Only temperature matters
C.
All samples perform equally
D.
Bacteria species and food sample type significantly affect analytical performance
Question No. 65
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Why is immunological-based detection particularly useful for toxin detection in food?
A.
Easy equipment maintenance
B.
Low cost only
C.
High sensitivity in detecting specific pathogens and their toxins
D.
Fast processing only
Question No. 66
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What is the primary purpose of nucleic acid amplification in pathogen detection?
A.
To measure pH
B.
To amplify RNA/DNA targets to detectable levels for identification
C.
To preserve samples
D.
To kill bacteria
Question No. 67
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How do biosensors work in detecting foodborne pathogens?
A.
Only visual detection
B.
Only temperature measurement
C.
Detection of specific binding events between biological molecules and transduction into measurable signals
D.
Only pH measurement
Question No. 68
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What is the principle behind electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection?
A.
Detection of pH change only
B.
Detection of temperature change
C.
Detection of color change only
D.
Detection of changes in electrical properties when pathogens bind to sensor surface
Question No. 69
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What is the detection principle of mass-based biosensors (like QCM)?
A.
Measures only color changes
B.
Measures only temperature
C.
Measures only volume
D.
Measures changes in mass when target analytes bind to sensor surface
Question No. 70
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What is the principle of optical biosensors in pathogen detection?
A.
Detection using optical signals such as fluorescence, chemiluminescence, or surface plasmon resonance
B.
Detection using only visible color change
C.
Detection using only microscopy
D.
Detection using only UV light
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