Hazards and Risks; Types of hazards Physical, Chemical, Biological hazards. Management of hazards
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Question No. 1
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A food safety hazard is
best defined
as:
A.
Substances that improve food quality
B.
Only microorganisms present in food
C.
Any biological, chemical, or physical agent that is reasonably likely to cause illness or injury
D.
Nutrients required for food preservation
Question No. 2
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Food hazards are generally classified into how many main categories?
A.
Two categories
B.
Three categories: biological, chemical, and physical
C.
Five categories
D.
One category only
Question No. 3
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Risk in food safety refers to:
A.
Food storage duration
B.
Only the presence of contaminants
C.
Packaging materials used
D.
The likelihood of a hazard occurring and its potential severity
Question No. 4
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The difference between hazard and risk is that:
A.
A hazard is the potential source of harm, while risk is the probability and severity of that harm
B.
They are the same concepts
C.
Risk is always greater than hazard
D.
Hazard applies only to biological contaminants
Question No. 5
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Which of the following statements about food safety hazards is correct?
A.
Only biological hazards are important
B.
Hazards require specific attention and control measures based on their type
C.
Hazards cannot be controlled
D.
All hazards are equally dangerous
Question No. 6
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Biological hazards
in food safety include:
A.
Plastic packaging materials
B.
Bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi
C.
Glass fragments and metal pieces
D.
Cleaning chemicals and pesticides
Question No. 7
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Which of the following is an example of a bacterial biological hazard?
A.
Acrylamide
B.
Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria
C.
Norovirus
D.
Mycotoxins
Question No. 8
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Norovirus, frequently reported in connection with the cruising and catering industries, is an example of:
A.
Chemical hazard
B.
Bacterial hazard
C.
Viral biological hazard
D.
Physical hazard
Question No. 9
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Hepatitis A virus can be transmitted through:
A.
Pasteurized dairy products
B.
Raw or undercooked seafood and contaminated raw produce
C.
Properly cooked meat
D.
Air only
Question No. 10
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Leafy vegetables eaten raw are commonly contaminated with which biological hazards?
A.
Cleaning chemicals
B.
Heavy metals
C.
Glass fragments
D.
Salmonella, E. coli, or Listeria
Question No. 11
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There are at least how many
known pathogens
that can cause foodborne illnesses?
A.
10 pathogens
B.
5 pathogens
C.
31 pathogens with likely more undiscovered
D.
100 pathogens
Question No. 12
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Fungal contamination of food can lead to the production of:
A.
Vitamins
B.
Mycotoxins
C.
Antibiotics only
D.
Preservatives
Question No. 13
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The primary reason biological hazards spread in food preparation areas is:
A.
Use of stainless steel equipment
B.
Excessive refrigeration
C.
Proper cooking temperatures
D.
Poor hygiene practices by food handlers
Question No. 14
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Chemical hazards
in food safety refer to:
A.
Bacterial contamination
B.
Foreign objects in food
C.
Natural food components
D.
Harmful substances that can contaminate food
Question No. 15
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Which of the following is
NOT
a chemical hazard?
A.
Pesticide residues
B.
Cleaning agents
C.
E. coli bacteria
D.
Heavy metals
Question No. 16
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Mycotoxins are naturally occurring chemical hazards commonly found in:
A.
Dairy products only
B.
Cereals, nuts, apples, and feed crops
C.
Fresh vegetables only
D.
Meat products
Question No. 17
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Acrylamide is a chemical hazard that forms as a:
A.
Food processing by-product in fried and baked foods
B.
Natural component of raw foods
C.
Cleaning agent
D.
Pesticide residue
Question No. 18
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Which foods commonly contain acrylamide?
A.
Boiled vegetables
B.
Fresh fruits
C.
Raw salads
D.
Fried chips, breakfast cereals, bread, biscuits, and roasted coffee
Question No. 19
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Food allergens
are classified as chemical hazards and include:
A.
Physical contaminants
B.
Only peanuts
C.
Gluten, crustaceans, eggs, fish, peanuts, nuts, soybeans, and milk
D.
Biological pathogens
Question No. 20
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Heavy metals as chemical hazards can be found in:
A.
Only imported foods
B.
Only meat products
C.
Water, meat, fish, shellfish, fruits, vegetables, and canned foods
D.
Only drinking water
Question No. 21
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Scombrotoxin is a naturally occurring chemical hazard found in:
A.
Dairy products
B.
Leafy vegetables
C.
Tuna, skipjack, bonito, and mackerel
D.
Grain products
Question No. 22
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Antibiotic residues in food are chemical hazards commonly found in:
A.
Vegetables and fruits
B.
Processed snacks
C.
Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and honey
D.
Grain products only
Question No. 23
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Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical hazard that can contaminate food through:
A.
Cooking processes only
B.
Biological growth
C.
Natural food components
D.
Migration from packaging materials into canned foods
Question No. 24
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Chemical hazards can enter the food chain during:
A.
Only distribution
B.
Many stages from harvesting to packaging and storage
C.
Only harvesting
D.
Only processing
Question No. 25
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) are formed through:
A.
Food processing methods like smoking
B.
Freezing
C.
Refrigeration
D.
Boiling
Question No. 26
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Residues of cleaning chemicals can contaminate food when:
A.
Food is properly stored
B.
Equipment is properly rinsed
C.
Cleaning agents are not completely removed from food contact surfaces
D.
Temperature is controlled
Question No. 27
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Physical hazards
in food are:
A.
Nutritional deficiencies
B.
Foreign objects that can cause injury or harm to consumers
C.
Microorganisms causing illness
D.
Chemical substances
Question No. 28
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Examples of physical hazards include:
A.
Bacteria and viruses
B.
Pesticides
C.
Glass fragments, metal pieces, plastic, stones, and wood
D.
Allergens
Question No. 29
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Glass contamination in food typically originates from:
A.
Agricultural practices
B.
Natural sources
C.
Microbial growth
D.
Bottles, jars, light fixtures, utensils, and gauge covers
Question No. 30
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Metal contamination as a physical hazard can result from:
A.
Natural food components
B.
Chemical reactions
C.
Raw materials, maintenance tools, and processing equipment
D.
Microbial activity
Question No. 31
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Physical hazards can be classified as:
A.
Intrinsic (natural to the food) or extrinsic (introduced during processing)
B.
Only chemical
C.
Only extrinsic
D.
Only biological
Question No. 32
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Stones as physical hazards typically enter food products:
A.
During packaging only
B.
During cooking
C.
Through refrigeration
D.
After harvesting from crops, buildings, or through personnel
Question No. 33
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Personnel-related physical hazards include:
A.
Sanitized equipment
B.
Proper uniforms
C.
Jewelry, fingernails, band-aids, hair, and clothing fragments
D.
Only gloves
Question No. 34
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The health consequence of physical hazards includes:
A.
Better nutrition
B.
Choking, cuts, lacerations, dental damage, and bleeding
C.
Improved digestion
D.
Enhanced immunity
Question No. 35
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Plastic contamination in food can originate from:
A.
Proper storage only
B.
Natural food sources
C.
Fields, packaging materials, equipment, and employee items
D.
Refrigeration
Question No. 36
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Bone fragments in processed meat products represent:
A.
Intrinsic physical hazards from raw materials or improper processing
B.
Acceptable components
C.
Biological hazards
D.
Chemical hazards
Question No. 37
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HACCP stands for:
A.
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
B.
Health Assessment and Chemical Control Program
C.
Health Analysis and Consumer Control Points
D.
Hazard Avoidance and Contaminant Control Plan
Question No. 38
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HACCP is a management system that addresses food safety through:
A.
Analysis and control of biological, chemical, and physical hazards
B.
Marketing strategies
C.
Random food inspections only
D.
Price regulation
Question No. 39
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The
first principle
of HACCP is:
A.
Record keeping
B.
Hazard analysis to identify potential hazards
C.
Corrective actions
D.
Monitoring procedures
Question No. 40
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A Critical Control Point (CCP) in HACCP is:
A.
A point where food is transported
B.
A point where control can be applied to prevent, eliminate, or reduce hazards to safe levels
C.
The final packaging stage only
D.
Any step where food is stored
Question No. 41
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Examples of Critical Control Points include:
A.
Restaurant decoration
B.
Cooking at proper temperatures, cooling, and pasteurization
C.
Food pricing
D.
Menu design
Question No. 42
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Monitoring procedures in HACCP are important to:
A.
Increase production speed
B.
Reduce labor costs
C.
Improve food appearance
D.
Ensure Critical Control Points remain within safe limits
Question No. 43
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When a Critical Control Point exceeds safe limits, the HACCP system requires:
A.
Immediate corrective actions to address the deviation
B.
Ignoring the deviation
C.
Continuing production
D.
Reducing monitoring frequency
Question No. 44
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Verification procedures in HACCP serve to:
A.
Reduce documentation
B.
Increase product variety
C.
Eliminate all monitoring
D.
Confirm the effectiveness of the HACCP system
Question No. 45
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Record-keeping in HACCP is essential for:
A.
Decoration
B.
Verification, traceability, and identifying contamination sources
C.
Marketing purposes only
D.
Reducing costs
Question No. 46
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The HACCP hazard evaluation stage considers:
A.
Marketing strategies
B.
The severity and likely occurrence of each potential hazard
C.
Only packaging design
D.
Only food color
Question No. 47
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Food safety risk analysis involves:
A.
Risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication
B.
Only packaging design
C.
Only marketing strategies
D.
Only product pricing
Question No. 48
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Risk assessment in food safety includes:
A.
Identifying and evaluating potential hazards at different production stages
B.
Price determination
C.
Only final product inspection
D.
Marketing research
Question No. 49
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The goal of hazard assessment is to:
A.
Improve food color
B.
Identify and prioritize hazards most likely to occur with greatest harm potential
C.
Reduce employee numbers
D.
Increase production capacity
Question No. 50
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Preventive controls in food safety management include:
A.
Only marketing controls
B.
Only price controls
C.
Process controls, allergen controls, and sanitation controls
D.
Only packaging controls
Question No. 51
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Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) in hazard management are considered:
A.
Unnecessary regulations
B.
Marketing strategies
C.
Prerequisite programs essential for food safety management systems
D.
Optional practices
Question No. 52
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A Food Safety Management System (FSMS) primarily aims to:
A.
Eliminate all regulations
B.
Increase company profits
C.
Reduce employee training
D.
Prevent food hazards through comprehensive control approaches
Question No. 53
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The importance of food safety culture in hazard management includes:
A.
Human behavior plays a vital role in reducing risks and maintaining safety
B.
It focuses only on equipment
C.
It is unrelated to safety
D.
It only applies to managers
Question No. 54
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According to Codex Alimentarius, food safety culture requires:
A.
Elimination of all training
B.
Only technical equipment
C.
No employee involvement
D.
Establishment and maintenance acknowledging human behavior importance
Question No. 55
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EU Regulation 382/2021 requires food business operators to:
A.
Ignore safety culture
B.
Reduce safety measures
C.
Establish, maintain, and provide evidence of appropriate food safety culture
D.
Focus only on profits
Question No. 56
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If a food handler works while sick with gastroenteritis, this represents which type of hazard?
A.
Biological hazard through pathogen transmission
B.
Physical hazard
C.
No hazard
D.
Chemical hazard
Question No. 57
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A food processing plant uses lubricants on equipment that accidentally contacts food. This is an example of:
A.
Acceptable practice
B.
Chemical hazard from processing substances
C.
Biological hazard
D.
Physical hazard
Question No. 58
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Why is it important to monitor temperature as a Critical Control Point?
A.
To save energy costs
B.
To enhance food flavor
C.
To improve food color
D.
Improper temperatures can allow pathogen growth or fail to kill existing pathogens
Question No. 59
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If a food contains both allergens and cleaning chemical residues, how many types of hazards are present?
A.
No hazards
B.
Three hazard types
C.
One hazard type
D.
Two chemical hazards of different sources
Question No. 60
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The reason leafy vegetables require special attention for biological hazards is:
A.
They are often consumed raw without a kill step like cooking
B.
They last longer than other foods
C.
They have no nutritional value
D.
They are expensive
Question No. 61
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A systematic approach to food safety is necessary because:
A.
Only one stage requires attention
B.
Hazards can occur at any point from production to consumption
C.
Safety is automatic
D.
Consumers handle all safety concerns
Question No. 62
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Metal detection equipment in food processing is a control measure for:
A.
Chemical hazards
B.
Physical hazards from metal contamination
C.
Biological hazards
D.
All hazard types equally
Question No. 63
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Cross-contamination in food preparation can introduce:
A.
Only biological hazards
B.
Only nutritional benefits
C.
No hazards
D.
Biological, chemical, and physical hazards depending on the source
Question No. 64
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The reason shellfish from sewage-polluted waters are hazardous is:
A.
They have better texture
B.
They are more expensive
C.
They bioaccumulate pathogens and chemical contaminants from polluted water
D.
They taste different
Question No. 65
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Why must food business operators maintain detailed records of CCPs?
A.
Records are unnecessary
B.
To demonstrate compliance, support traceability, and facilitate recalls if needed
C.
For marketing purposes
D.
To increase paperwork
Question No. 66
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If smoked fish contains elevated levels of PAHs, this represents:
A.
Normal composition
B.
Physical hazard
C.
Chemical hazard from processing by-products
D.
Biological hazard
Question No. 67
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The concept of severity in hazard evaluation refers to:
A.
The packaging quality
B.
The seriousness of consequences and public health impact if exposure occurs
C.
The cost of ingredients
D.
The production speed
Question No. 68
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Natural physical hazards like shells in oysters require:
A.
Ignoring the issue
B.
Complete elimination from all products
C.
Consumer awareness and proper processing to minimize risk
D.
No management
Question No. 69
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Hyperspectral imaging technology in muscle food safety is used for detecting:
A.
Biological, chemical, and physical hazards through spectroscopic analysis
B.
Only color
C.
Only texture
D.
Only taste
Question No. 70
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The relationship between training and hazard management is:
A.
Training is unrelated to safety
B.
Training is unnecessary if standards exist
C.
Training must be combined with implementation, oversight, and food safety culture
D.
Training alone solves all problems
Question No. 71
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Risk communication in food safety risk analysis involves:
A.
Only internal company discussions
B.
Sharing information among stakeholders about risks and control measures
C.
Ignoring consumer concerns
D.
Keeping all information secret
Question No. 72
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The 5M method in hazard analysis classifies factors as:
A.
Only machines
B.
Only materials
C.
Only methods
D.
Man, Machine, Material, Method, and Environment (Milieu)
Question No. 73
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Third-party certification of Food Safety Management Systems:
A.
Is unnecessary
B.
Only applies to large companies
C.
Replaces the need for hazard controls
D.
Demonstrates that systems meet recognized standards and requirements
Question No. 74
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The principle of continuous improvement in hazard management means:
A.
Eliminating all documentation
B.
Regularly updating practices based on monitoring, verification, and new hazard information
C.
Never changing procedures
D.
Reducing safety measures over time
Question No. 75
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Radiological hazards in food safety include:
A.
Bacteria and viruses
B.
Only metal fragments
C.
Radionuclides from soil, water, or irradiation treatment
D.
Cleaning agents
Question No. 76
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International transportation of food products increases risk because:
A.
It improves quality automatically
B.
Extended duration exposes products to temperature fluctuations and handling variations
C.
It eliminates all hazards
D.
It makes food safer
Question No. 77
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Traceability systems in hazard management enable:
A.
Increased production only
B.
Rapid identification of contaminated products and targeted recalls
C.
Reduced quality
D.
Elimination of regulations
Question No. 78
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Proper segregation of raw and ready-to-eat foods prevents:
A.
Proper organization
B.
Cross-contamination and transfer of biological hazards
C.
Food from spoiling
D.
Food from cooking
Question No. 79
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Which factor is
most critical
when evaluating the likelihood of hazard occurrence?
A.
Food color
B.
Combination of experience, epidemiological data, and technical literature
C.
Food price
D.
Packaging design
Question No. 80
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Inadequate use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) can lead to:
A.
Improved safety only
B.
Both biological contamination from personnel and physical hazards from lost items
C.
Better food quality
D.
No consequences
Question No. 81
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The FDA definition of a hazard emphasizes:
A.
Any biological, chemical, or physical agent with potential to cause illness or injury
B.
Marketing aspects
C.
Only natural food components
D.
Only beneficial substances
Question No. 82
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Risk management in food production focuses on:
A.
Eliminating quality control
B.
Systematically identifying, evaluating, and mitigating risks to maintain safety standards
C.
Reducing all regulations
D.
Only increasing production
Question No. 83
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The reason vegetables contaminated with heavy metals pose long-term risks is:
A.
Heavy metals bioaccumulate in human body tissues over time
B.
They have no health effects
C.
They improve health
D.
They cause immediate visible symptoms only
Question No. 84
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Control measures for allergen hazards must include:
A.
Proper labeling, segregation, cleaning, and supplier verification
B.
Only pricing adjustments
C.
No special measures
D.
Ignoring allergen presence
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